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Is it possible in general, that ROS Noetic can communicate with a ROS Melodic Master but not the other way around? Do I need to have ROS Noetic also on the BeagleBone?

Different distros of ROS (Noetic, Melodic, Kinetic, etc) are not guaranteed to be able to communicate with each other. I would install the same version of ROS on both machines.

If you'd like to try it anyways, there might be useful information in these:

• https://answers.ros.org/question/45153/ros-fuerte-node-communicating-with-ros-electric-node/
• https://answers.ros.org/question/76279/different-ros-versions-on-multiple-machines/
• https://answers.ros.org/question/86456/connect-nodes-from-different-ros-distributions/
• https://answers.ros.org/question/104086/is-it-possible-to-connect-machines-with-different-ros-versions/
• https://answers.ros.org/question/252109/ros-with-multiple-distros/
• https://answers.ros.org/question/261446/is-it-possible-to-run-ros-indigo-and-kinetic-kame-on-multiple-machines-together/
• https://answers.ros.org/question/262983/is-it-possible-to-run-different-ros-distributions-and-still-communicate-with-each-other-in-a-distributed-computing-setup/
• https://answers.ros.org/question/305764/do-local-and-remote-machines-have-to-run-the-same-version-of-ros/

I'm surprised it works one direction but not the other. Since the value being set in ROS_HOSTNAME is an IP address, it might be better to use ROS_IP instead.

http://wiki.ros.org/ROS/EnvironmentVariables#ROS_IP.2FROS_HOSTNAME